{"id":1708,"date":"2026-05-05T16:21:50","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T16:21:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.vebnox.com\/how-to-solve-freelancing-income-problem\/"},"modified":"2026-05-05T16:21:50","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T16:21:50","slug":"how-to-solve-freelancing-income-problem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/how-to-solve-freelancing-income-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"how to solve freelancing income problem"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[ad_1]<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>Freelancing offers freedom, flexibility, and the chance to work on projects you love. Yet, many freelancers hit a wall: inconsistent cash flow, low rates, or clients who disappear after the first invoice. This \u201cfreelancing income problem\u201d can turn an otherwise rewarding career into a constant source of stress. In this comprehensive guide, you\u2019ll discover why income volatility happens, how to diagnose the root causes, and\u2014most importantly\u2014actionable steps to create a steady, growing revenue stream. By the end, you\u2019ll have a clear roadmap, useful tools, and real\u2011world examples that let you turn flaky earnings into a reliable, scalable freelance business.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>1. Diagnose Your Current Income Flow<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Before you can fix anything, you need a clear picture of where your money comes from and where it leaks. Start by tracking every invoice, payment date, and client type for at least three months. Use a simple spreadsheet or a tool like <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.toggle.com\">Toggle<\/a> to categorize income by project type, hourly vs. fixed price, and client industry.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jane, a UX designer, noticed that 60% of her revenue came from one client who paid late. By breaking down her income, she realized she was over\u2011relying on a single source.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul><\/p>\n<li>Log every invoice in a spreadsheet with columns: client, amount, due date, paid date, project type.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Calculate the <strong>average days to payment<\/strong> (payment cycle) for each client.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Identify the top 3 clients contributing to 70% of your income.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Skipping regular tracking leads to \u201cmystery gaps\u201d where money disappears, making it impossible to spot trends or negotiate better terms.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>2. Diversify Your Client Portfolio<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Relying on one or two clients is the fastest route to income volatility. Aim to have at least five paying clients each month, spread across different industries. This reduces risk and opens doors to new opportunities.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Mark, a freelance copywriter, shifted from focusing solely on health\u2011care startups to also serving e\u2011learning platforms and SaaS companies. His monthly revenue increased by 35% and payments became more timely.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol><\/p>\n<li>Identify three new niches that value your skill set (e.g., fintech, e\u2011commerce, education).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Create targeted outreach emails with a short portfolio piece for each niche.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Set a goal to onboard one new client from a different industry every quarter.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Chasing too many low\u2011budget clients at once can dilute focus. Prioritize quality over quantity and aim for clients who can pay at or above market rates.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>3. Implement Value\u2011Based Pricing<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Charging by the hour often caps your earnings, especially when you\u2019re highly skilled. Value\u2011based pricing ties your fee to the client\u2019s expected ROI, allowing you to earn more for high\u2011impact work.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sarah, a freelance SEO consultant, switched from $75\/hour to a $5,000 project fee for a site redesign that projected a 30% traffic boost, generating $15,000 extra revenue for the client.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul><\/p>\n<li>Estimate the client\u2019s potential revenue increase from your work.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Set a price at 10\u201120% of that projected gain.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Include performance clauses (e.g., bonuses for exceeding targets).<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Warning<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Mis\u2011calculating the client\u2019s ROI can lead to underpricing. Always validate assumptions with data and adjust after the first few projects.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>4. Build Recurring Revenue Streams<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>One\u2011off projects are great for cash flow spikes but don\u2019t guarantee stability. Recurring revenue\u2014monthly retainers, subscription services, or ongoing maintenance\u2014creates predictable income.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tom, a web developer, offers a $200\/month site\u2011maintenance package that includes updates, backups, and security checks. This adds a steady $2,400 to his annual income.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol><\/p>\n<li>Identify services you can deliver monthly (e.g., SEO audits, content planning).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Create tiered retainer packages (basic, standard, premium).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Pitch retainers at project close: \u201cWould you like me to handle ongoing updates for a fixed monthly fee?\u201d<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Forgetting to set clear scope in retainer agreements can lead to scope creep and unpaid extra work.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>5. Strengthen Your Proposal Process<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>A well\u2011structured proposal can dramatically increase conversion rates, minimize back\u2011and\u2011forth, and justify higher fees. Use a repeatable template that includes problem definition, solution, timeline, deliverables, and pricing.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Using a one\u2011page proposal template, freelancer Alex raised his close rate from 25% to 50% within a month.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul><\/p>\n<li>Start each proposal with the client\u2019s pain point (e.g., \u201cLow conversion rates are costing you $X\u201d).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Showcase a concise case study that mirrors the prospect\u2019s industry.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>End with a clear call\u2011to\u2011action and payment terms.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Warning<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Over\u2011customizing each proposal wastes time. Keep core sections constant and tweak only the client\u2011specific details.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>6. Optimize Your Payment Terms<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Late payments are a major cause of cash\u2011flow problems. Setting clear terms\u2014such as 30\u2011day net with an upfront deposit\u2014reduces risk and encourages timely payment.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Freelancer Maya started requiring a 30% upfront deposit. She saw a 40% reduction in overdue invoices.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol><\/p>\n<li>Include payment milestones (e.g., 30% start, 40% mid\u2011project, 30% final).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Offer a small discount for early payment (e.g., 2% if paid within 10 days).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Use automated invoicing tools like <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.freshbooks.com\">Freshbooks<\/a> to send reminders.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Never send a contract after work begins; always get signed agreements before any work starts.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>7. Leverage High\u2011Paying Platforms<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Not all freelance marketplaces are created equal. Platforms such as Toptal, Upwork Pro, and Fiverr Business attract clients willing to pay premium rates for vetted talent.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>After moving from generic job boards to Toptal, designer Luis secured projects paying $150\u2011$200\/hour, up from $45\/hour.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul><\/p>\n<li>Invest time to create a high\u2011quality profile (professional photo, clear headline, portfolio samples).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Take platform-specific skill tests to boost credibility.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Apply only to jobs that match your niche and rate expectations.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Warning<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Some platforms charge high service fees; factor these into your rates to maintain profitability.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>8. Upskill Strategically<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Higher\u2011value skills command higher rates. Identify market\u2011demand skills that complement your existing expertise (e.g., a content writer learning AI\u2011assisted copy tools).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>When Emma added AI\u2011prompt engineering to her copywriting services, she could charge $300 per article instead of $120.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol><\/p>\n<li>Research top\u2011earning freelance skills on sites like <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upwork.com\">Upwork<\/a> or <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.freelancermap.com\">Freelancermap<\/a>.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Enroll in a short, industry\u2011recognized course (e.g., Google Analytics, React basics).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Add a new service line to your portfolio and promote it to existing clients.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Learning everything at once leads to burnout. Focus on one complementary skill at a time.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>9. Create Passive Income Products<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>While freelancing is service\u2011focused, you can generate passive cash flow by packaging knowledge\u2014e\u2011books, templates, or online courses.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Freelance marketer Dan sold a $49 \u201cPitch Deck Template\u201d on Gumroad, earning $1,200 in the first month with minimal ongoing effort.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul><\/p>\n<li>Identify a recurring problem you solve for clients.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Package the solution as a downloadable asset (checklist, guide, template).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Promote the product in your email signature and client newsletters.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Warning<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Low\u2011quality products damage your brand. Ensure any passive asset meets the same standards as your client work.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>10. Build a Personal Brand That Commands Premiums<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Clients pay more to freelancers with authority. Consistent content\u2014blog posts, LinkedIn articles, webinars\u2014positions you as an expert and justifies higher fees.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>After publishing a weekly LinkedIn series on conversion optimization, freelance CRO specialist Priya started receiving inbound leads willing to pay $250\/hour.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol><\/p>\n<li>Publish one long\u2011form article per month targeting a high\u2011search LSI keyword (e.g., \u201chow to improve e\u2011commerce conversion rate\u201d).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Host a monthly live Q&#038;A on a platform like Zoom or Clubhouse.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Gather testimonials and display them prominently on your website.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Inconsistency\u2014skip weeks, and the momentum disappears. Schedule content creation in advance.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>11. Automate Administrative Tasks<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Time spent on invoicing, contract drafting, or client onboarding is income lost. Automation tools streamline these processes, freeing you for billable work.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Freelancer Sam integrated <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hubspot.com\">HubSpot<\/a> CRM with his invoicing system, cutting admin time by 30%.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Actionable Tips<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul><\/p>\n<li>Use a CRM (e.g., HubSpot Free) to track leads and follow\u2011ups.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Set up invoice templates with auto\u2011fill fields for client data.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Create a welcome packet in Google Docs that auto\u2011populates with client name via a merge tool.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Warning<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Over\u2011automation can feel impersonal. Keep a human touch in client communications.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>12. Step\u2011by\u2011Step Guide to Stabilize Freelance Income<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>This concise roadmap consolidates the previous sections into an actionable 7\u2011step plan.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol><\/p>\n<li><strong>Track Income &#038; Payments:<\/strong> Use a spreadsheet or tool like <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.toggle.com\">Toggle<\/a> for at least 90 days.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Set Diversification Goal:<\/strong> Aim for five paying clients from at least three industries.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Switch to Value\u2011Based Pricing:<\/strong> Estimate ROI for each project and price at 10\u201120% of that value.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Introduce Retainers:<\/strong> Offer monthly maintenance or consulting packages.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Standardize Proposals:<\/strong> Use a template that highlights problem, solution, timeline, and price.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Enforce Payment Terms:<\/strong> Require a 30% upfront deposit and define clear milestones.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Automate Admin:<\/strong> Implement a CRM and invoicing software to reduce manual work.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>13. Tools &#038; Resources for Income Stability<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<table><\/p>\n<tr>\n<th>Tool<\/th>\n<th>Purpose<\/th>\n<th>Best Use Case<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<p><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.toggle.com\">Toggle<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Time tracking &#038; invoicing<\/td>\n<td>Freelancers needing simple project\u2011based billing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.freshbooks.com\">Freshbooks<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Automated invoicing &#038; reminders<\/td>\n<td>Managing multiple clients with recurring invoices<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hubspot.com\">HubSpot CRM<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Lead tracking &#038; email automation<\/td>\n<td>Keeping pipelines organized and following up consistently<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canva.com\">Canva<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Designing proposals &#038; portfolios<\/td>\n<td>Creating professional, brand\u2011consistent documents quickly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p><\/p>\n<tr>\n<td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upwork.com\">Upwork Pro<\/a><\/td>\n<td>High\u2011paying freelance marketplace<\/td>\n<td>Finding premium clients willing to pay top rates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<p>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>14. Real\u2011World Case Study: From $2K\/month to $8K\/month<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Problem:<\/strong> Maya, a freelance graphic designer, earned $2,000 a month from one-time logo projects, with payments often delayed 45\u201160 days.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution:<\/strong> She implemented a three\u2011step strategy:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol><\/p>\n<li>Adopted value\u2011based pricing, charging $1,200 per brand identity package (instead of $300 per logo).<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Introduced a 30% upfront retainer and a monthly maintenance retainer for existing clients.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li>Created a \u201cBrand Kit\u201d e\u2011book sold for $49, generating passive income.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Result:<\/strong> Within six months, Maya\u2019s monthly revenue grew to $8,000, with 80% of income coming from recurring retainers and passive sales. Payment cycles shortened to an average of 15 days.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>15. Common Mistakes Freelancers Make with Income Management<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul><\/p>\n<li><strong>Ignoring Cash Flow:<\/strong> Focusing only on total revenue, not on when money actually arrives.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Charging Only Hourly:<\/strong> Limits earnings potential and undervalues expertise.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Skipping Contracts:<\/strong> Leads to scope creep and unpaid work.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Overpromising:<\/strong> Accepting low\u2011budget projects to fill gaps erodes perceived value.<\/li>\n<p><\/p>\n<li><strong>Neglecting Marketing:<\/strong> Relying solely on word\u2011of\u2011mouth limits client diversity.<\/li>\n<p>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>16. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: How much should I charge for a retainer?<\/strong><br \/>A: Base the retainer on the estimated monthly hours multiplied by your hourly rate, then apply a 10\u201115% discount for the client\u2019s commitment.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: Is value\u2011based pricing only for consultants?<\/strong><br \/>A: No. Designers, writers, and developers can all use it by quantifying the business impact of their work.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: What if a client refuses to pay a deposit?<\/strong><br \/>A: Explain that the deposit secures your time and reduces risk. If they still refuse, consider negotiating a smaller upfront amount or choosing a different client.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: How many clients should I aim for?<\/strong><br \/>A: Aim for 5\u20137 active clients per month, balancing workload and allowing room for new projects.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: Can I use the same proposal template for all clients?<\/strong><br \/>A: Yes, use a master template and customize only the client\u2019s problem statement, timeline, and deliverables.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: Which platforms offer the highest paying freelance jobs?<\/strong><br \/>A: Toptal, Upwork Pro, Fiverr Business, and specialized niche marketplaces (e.g., 99designs for design) tend to attract higher\u2011budget clients.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: How often should I raise my rates?<\/strong><br \/>A: Review rates annually or after completing a major project that delivered measurable ROI for a client.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: What\u2019s the best way to showcase my expertise?<\/strong><br \/>A: Publish case studies, share client testimonials, and produce regular content (blog posts, videos) targeting high\u2011search keywords.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Solving the freelancing income problem isn\u2019t about a single quick fix\u2014it\u2019s a combination of smart pricing, client diversification, efficient processes, and ongoing brand building. By tracking your cash flow, adopting value\u2011based pricing, adding retainers, and leveraging automation tools, you\u2019ll create a robust, predictable revenue stream that lets you focus on delivering great work instead of chasing payments. Start implementing the steps above today, and watch your freelance earnings transform from sporadic to sustainable.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ready to take the next step? Explore more strategies on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/blog\/freelance-portfolio-tips\">optimizing your freelance portfolio<\/a> and join our community of high\u2011earning freelancers.<\/p>\n<p>[ad_2]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ad_1] Freelancing offers freedom, flexibility, and the chance to work on projects you love. Yet, many freelancers hit a wall: inconsistent cash flow, low rates, or clients who disappear after the first invoice. This \u201cfreelancing income problem\u201d can turn an otherwise rewarding career into a constant source of stress. In this comprehensive guide, you\u2019ll discover [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[276],"tags":[410,1311,649,710,753],"class_list":["post-1708","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ui-ux","tag-freelancing","tag-how-to-solve-freelancing-income-problem","tag-income","tag-problem","tag-solve"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1708","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1708"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1708\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1708"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1708"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vebnox.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1708"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}